It is proposed that the RCOA be used as a single-objective algorithm that is simple, reliable, and has zero sensitive parameters, thereby being a parameter-free algorithm. Both of these stages of the RC circuit are essential to model the algorithm properly. The RC circuit's total time response can be divided into steady-state and transient-state.
Therefore, we propose and apply for the first time a unique physics-based metaheuristic algorithm known as the Resistance–Capacitance Optimization Algorithm (RCOA), which is based on the concept of resistance–capacitance circuit response, and it was obviously inspired by the output response of a Resistor–Capacitor (RC) circuit when the input is connected or disconnected suddenly. It is critical to have effective and accurate parameters when transforming the complete PV system from solar energy to electrical energy. Identifying and estimating uncertain and dynamic photovoltaic characteristics with high accuracy is important when modeling solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.
